ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа Victor I.
Franchuk
аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа
Reader,Ph.D.,Assistant dean,
аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа Faculty of social
management
аааааааааааааааааааа ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааof Sociology
institute,
аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа Moscow State
Social University
ааааааааааааааааа 4th
European conference of sociology
аааааааааааааааа Stream III.I :╗Thinking
Europe:Social Theory╗
ааааааа Inspite of the diversity of the types of the social organizations, they are united by some common features (wholeness and stability, existence of the organizational culture, the definedа behavior of itТs members, the ability to adequately respond the challenges), that lets talking about their common origin and common laws of functioning and development.
ааааааа The
basic task of GSOT is creation of more effective and more vitally able
organizations, and also the improvement of actual mechanisms of administration.
ааааааа The new
conceptual model (the problem model) isа
proposed on the base of the analysis of the artificial,natural and
combined organizations. It represents the synthesis ofа rational and organismic models.
ааааааа From
the problem model it follows, that the social administration must be observed
more widely, that means not only like a remedy for achievement of
organizationТs goals, but also as a medium for itТs survival. The composition
of the tasks of social administrator mustа
be strongly extended from functions of the classic management (planning,
organizational planning, organization, management, coordination, control) by adding
the functions of the management of the problems (prognosis and revealing of the
problems, the sorting and the analysis of the problems, the preparing of the
decisions, the control and the analysis of the results of decisions) and
functions of the management of development (loyal regulation, structural
regulation, the management of innovations, the management of the organizational
culture). Many of these functions are latent (hidden), this makes the
management more difficult. This is why one of the most important tasks of the
modern social theory is the institutionalization (revealing) of the latent
functions of the social administration and the developing of the methods of
their improvement.
ааааааа It is
recommended to use the functional-diagnostic methodа for the development of existing organizations, and also the
method of reengineering, connected with the creation in the organizations the
so called лbrain centers╗, that have the provision of stabile development of
the organization as their general task.
аааааааа
ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааMain part
аThe classic organization theory generally
studies the formal organizations that have the artificial genesis and does not
almost touch upon the organizations of the natural (non-intentional) and
combined (natural-artificial) origin, including families, tribes, historically
appeared
аcities, settlements, nationalities,
nations, societies, civilizations.
The
ignorance of the natural and natural-artificial organizations by the
traditional organization theory strongly limits its research object and reduces
its abilities. That is why there appears the necessity of the extended reading
of the social organization and creation of the general social organization
theory (GSOT), spreading all over the artificial,natural and combined
organizations.
We
understand the social organization as the relatively stabile social wholeness,
that shows the reasonable behavior like the live organism.
In this definition the social wholeness means that the
organization is understood by its members as some stabile social formation with
the defined enough boundaries. The stability reads, that inspite of the
interior and the exteriorа challenges,
the organization keeps safe its boundaries, its general vital cultural values
and social standards. The reasonable behavior means something usually
associated with the collective intelligence or the social conscience, appearing
in an ability, like the live organism, to reveal and to solve its problems.
This ability lets the organization guard its wholeness and vitality during the
long period of time.
Every
human is born, lives, works and dies in social organizations (family,
kinder-garden , school, college, working collective, city, country etc.), that
make him obey their laws and the quality of humanТs life depends on the
humanism of these laws. Taking into account that the existing social
organizations are far from perfection, the general possibility of improving the
quality of the human life is in improving the existing organizations Ц artificial,natural,combined
and also in creation of the new more developed organizations. This task turns
difficult because the man can belong to the multiple organizations, some can be
artificial, some can be natural,some can be combined.
The
GSOT must include all the questions, connected with the building ofа the new and improving the existing
organizations, regardless of their nature, and also the questions of the
geneses and development of the social organizations.
The
general goals of the GSOT are:
-
receiving аthe new knowledge about the nature of the social organizations,
their features, mechanisms of functioning and development;
-
creation of more efficient and more humane
organizations (business, territorial, economical, political etc.)
-
improvingа
the mechanisms of administration in existing organizations of
artificial,natural and combined origin;
For achievement of these goals it is necessary first
of all to understand the nature of the social organizations and the principles
of their functioning.
The traditional theory of the organizations and the
management have studied good enough the nature and the principles of the
functioning of the artificial organizations, especially business ones
(enterprises, firms, associations). What about the natural and natural-artifical
organizations, the questions of their origin, functioning and development are
explored relatively slightly.
From the position of the GSOT the natural
organizations are considered as the more or less stabile social structures,
appearing during the process of the social evolution that began 40-50 thousand
years ago after the completion, in general, of the biological evolution of the
human. The most unstable social organization is the family, the most stable one
is the society. There is a great variety of the forms of the social
organizations between these poles. These organizations are considered as the
top of the лadaptation landscape╗, but not as a stage on the way to the next
form.
The social evolution has the progressive and directed
character. It is accompanied with the integration of the organizations, the
rise of their stability and the complication of the mechanism of administration
of the social organization. At the same time the evolution has the manageable
character. The man is not only able to accelerate and decelerate the
evolutionary process, but also can change it direction in the defined borders.
The GSOT does not leave without attention the
artificial organizations, considering them as the result of the creative
activity of the men who receive the inspiration from the natural models.
It is obviously impossible to create the integrated
(universal) model of the social organization because of itТs great diversity.
For example, a family, an enterprise, the society can not be described by a
single model. That is why there appears the necessity of the development of
numerous models that depend on the form of social organization. First of all it
is necessary to develop the model of the functioningа and development of the society as the biggest social
organization, that influence the fates of many people.
During many years in russian sociology and many other
social sciences (beginning from theа
20-th years) dominated the imposed by the power marxist conception of
the social development, based on the consecutive changing of the
socially-economical formations, aroused by the class struggle. The history of
the society was considered, stick to the facts,а the history of the class struggle. However, over the last years
the marxist model has been replaced by the culturally-typological models, based
on the scientific works of N.Y. Danilevsky, P.A. Sorokin, O. Spengler, A.
Toynbee, L.N. Gumilev. The so called problem model of the social organization,
developed by us in the limits of the GSOT is close to these models. The problem
model is integral, it unifies the elements of the organismic and rationalistic
models.
The gist of the problem model is in following:
1.
The organizationа is the social organism, that has the ability to reveal and to
satisfy its needs, or, in another words, reveal and solve its problems,
considered as the deviation from the accepted in the organization social
standards, that are the relatively stabile elements of the organizational
culture.
2.
The revealing and solving problems are the
general functions of the organization, meanwhile the goal-defining and the
goal-achievementа play the auxiliary
role.
3.
The solving of the problems of the organization
is in the realization of the measures, directed on the removing of the
deviations from the accepted social standards. Besides this the ways of solving
these problems depend on their specific features and the problem knowledge,
used by the organization to create the patterns of the organizational culture
(POC) that are the general media of solving of the problems. The examples of
the POC are the social standards, institutes, artificial organizations
(organizational systems), innovations, ideas, technologies etc. The repetitious
(ordinary) problems are solved by the already existing in the organization POC
and do not demand to create the new POC. What about the unordinary problems,
toа solve them the organization creates
its own POC or uses the POC that belong toа
other organizations. Besides creating its own and borrowingа the others organizations POC the unordinary
problems can be solved by the consolidation of the naturally formed in the
organization POC.
4.
During the solving of these problems the old
POCs are replaced by the new ones, this causes the development of the social
organization, that can be manageable or spontaneous. In the first case the
processes of the POC renewing are executed by the specially created organs of
administration, in the second they are spontaneous.
5.
Inspite of the diversity of the ways of solving
the problems of the organization, whether the organization creates its own or
borrows the POC, this process is based on the problem knowledge, that means on
the information, demandedа to solve the
problem. Unlike the POC the problem knowledge has the relatively persistent and
universal character. It can be accumulated and form the base for the new
knowledge. Thus the knowledge is the foundation of the development of the
organizations.
The series of very important
conclusions follow from the problem model.
Firstly, the functions of
the public administration are much more diverse in contents than the functions
of the classic management (planning, organizing, leadership, coordination,
control). Some of them have the latent character. This is particularly applied
to the functions of problem management (previewing and revealing the problems,
analysis and studyingа the problems,
ranging and sortingа the problems,
problem control, planning the resources for the problems, development of the
programs of actions, directed on solving the problems, control over the
execution of the programs, the analysis of the results of the programs). The
institutionalization of these functions and the use of the scientific methods
of their realization will help to increase the manageability and the vitality
of the organization. This is also related to some functions of the organization
development (structure management, organizational culture management).
Secondly, the development of
the social organizations can be considered as the process of replacement of the
old POC by the new ones, applied to the solving of the new (unordinary)
problems. Their absence arouses the stagnation of the social organizations. The
organization development can have the progressive and regressive character,
depending on how much the new POCs are better than old ones.
Thirdly, the structure of
the social organizations and the contents of the POC (created by the
organization or borrowed) are determined by the character of the problems
solved. This appears especially strongly in the natural organizations like the
society of the country, where the contents of government and legislation is
strongly defined by the problems of the country. In the artificial
organizations like enterprises, the structure of the organization and its
institutes are initially firmly directed on the defined social need
(manufacturing of the defined goods or rendering the defined services).
Fourthly, the mechanism
ofа the functioning of the modern social
organization is much more complicated than it seemedа before, and consists of two connected mechanisms:
-
the executive mechanism, corresponding to the
rational (goal) model of the organization and taking part in solving the
ordinary problems using the classic functions of the management
-
the mechanism of development, corresponding to
the organismic model and taking place in solvingа the unordinary problems using the functions ofа the problem management of the organization
and functions of the development.
In the relatively stable conditions, when the
organization generally solves the ordinary problems the mechanism of
development does not mean a lot and its functions are executed by the leaders
of the organization, without creating the specialized divisions like the
department of the marketing and the economical safety. In the conditions of the
instability the role of the mechanism of the development becomesа appreciable and it becomes necessary as the
persistently active structural division of the organization.
The general task of this mechanism is in
providingа the stable development of the
organization by revealing and solving its problems. The better the organization
can reveal and solve its problems, the higher is the level of the well-being of
its members and the more stable is its development.
For executing its general task the mechanism of
development should include the specialized divisions, executing on the
professional base the functions of the problem management of the organization
and functions of the development.
аааа The centers of development
(or the ╗brain centers╗) should unite on the professional base the lawyers,
sociologists, economists, psychologists, politologists and other specialists
for solving the complicated social problems, that constantly appear before the
society and other social organizations on different levels of the management
and spheres of activity. Only the massive busyness and territorial
organizations are able to create this kind of centers. First of all these are
organizations that already have in their structure the informational-analytical
centers because they are easily transformed into the лbrain centers╗.